Cofactor

The apolipoprotein lipoprotein lipase has to see before it will cleave a triglyceride.

The cell's energy currency. Used as the Mg-ATP complex, which is why magnesium status limits it.

Accessory electron carrier that raises the lyase activity of CYP17A1, shifting output toward androgens.

Flavin cofactor built from riboflavin. MTHFR and the monoamine oxidases both need it bound.

The iron-carrying porphyrin at the catalytic centre of the P450 enzymes, catalase and haemoglobin.

Oxidising co-substrate for thyroid peroxidase, and the reactive species glutathione peroxidase clears.

Co-substrate for every oxygenase, including the whole P450 family.

The oxidised electron carrier of catabolism. Built from niacin.

The reducing power behind every cytochrome P450 reaction, steroid synthesis step and glutathione recycle.

The universal methyl donor. COMT uses it to switch off catecholamines and oestrogens.

The selenium-containing amino acid built into the active site of the deiodinases and glutathione peroxidase. Not a bound cofactor but part of the protein itself.

The sugar donor in glucuronidation, which is how the body tags steroids and drugs for excretion.